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Pakupangidwa kwa zida zatsopano zofewa kwambiri pazida zamankhwala ndi ntchito zamankhwala, mawonekedwe athunthu amtundu wawo komanso makina amakina ndizofunikira komanso zovuta.Njira yosinthira atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti iwonetse mawonekedwe otsika kwambiri a lehfilcon A biomimetic silicone hydrogel contact lens yokutidwa ndi wosanjikiza wa nthambi za polima burashi.Njira imeneyi amalola kutsimikiza yeniyeni ya kukhudzana mfundo popanda zotsatira za viscous extrusion pamene tikuyandikira nthambi ma polima.Kuphatikiza apo, zimathandizira kudziwa mawonekedwe amakina azinthu zaburashi zamunthu popanda zotsatira za poroelasticity.Izi zimatheka posankha kafukufuku wa AFM wokhala ndi mapangidwe (kukula kwa nsonga, geometry ndi kasupe wa masika) omwe ali oyenera kwambiri kuyeza katundu wa zipangizo zofewa ndi zitsanzo zamoyo.Njirayi imapangitsa chidwi komanso kulondola kwa kuyeza kolondola kwa zinthu zofewa kwambiri za lehfilcon A, zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe otsika kwambiri pamtunda (mpaka 2 kPa) komanso kusungunuka kwambiri mkati (pafupifupi 100%) chilengedwe chamadzi. .Zotsatira za kafukufuku wapamtunda sizinangowululira mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri a lehfilcon A lens, komanso adawonetsa kuti modulus ya maburashi a polima okhala ndi nthambi anali ofanana ndi gawo lapansi la silicon-hydrogen.Njira yodziwika bwino iyi imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina zofewa kwambiri komanso zida zamankhwala.
The mawotchi katundu wa zipangizo kukhudzana mwachindunji ndi minofu yamoyo zambiri anatsimikiza ndi chilengedwe chilengedwe.Kugwirizana koyenera kwazinthu izi kumathandiza kukwaniritsa zofunikira zachipatala za zinthuzo popanda kuyambitsa mayankho olakwika a ma cell1,2,3.Pazinthu zambiri zofananira, mawonekedwe azinthu zamakina ndizosavuta chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa njira zoyeserera ndi njira zoyesera (mwachitsanzo, microindentation4,5,6).Komabe, pazinthu zofewa kwambiri monga ma gels, ma hydrogel, ma biopolymers, ma cell amoyo, ndi zina zambiri, njira zoyeserazi sizigwira ntchito chifukwa choletsa miyeso komanso kusakwanira kwa zinthu zina7.Kwa zaka zambiri, njira zachikhalidwe za indentation zasinthidwa ndikusinthidwa kuti ziwonetsere zinthu zambiri zofewa, koma njira zambiri zimakhalabe ndi zofooka zazikulu zomwe zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito8,9,10,11,12,13.Kuperewera kwa njira zoyesera zapadera zomwe zimatha kuwonetsa molondola komanso modalirika momwe zimakhalira ndi zida za supersoft ndi zigawo zapamwamba zimalepheretsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo pazinthu zosiyanasiyana.
M'ntchito yathu yapitayi, tidawonetsa lens ya lehfilcon A (CL) yolumikizirana, chinthu chofewa chosasinthika chokhala ndi zinthu zonse zofewa kwambiri zochokera kuzinthu zomwe zimatha kupangidwa ndi biomimetic zowuziridwa ndi diso la diso.Biomaterial iyi idapangidwa ndi kulumikiza polima wosanjikiza, wolumikizana ndi nthambi wa poly (2-methacryloyloxyethylphosphorylcholine (MPC)) (PMPC) pa silicone hydrogel (SiHy) 15 yopangidwira zida zamankhwala potengera.Kumezanitsa kumeneku kumapanga chosanjikiza pamwamba chomwe chimakhala chofewa kwambiri komanso chotanuka kwambiri chopangidwa ndi burashi cha polymeric.Ntchito yathu yam'mbuyomu yatsimikizira kuti kapangidwe ka biomimetic ka lehfilcon A CL imapereka zinthu zapamwamba zapamtunda monga kuwongolera kunyowetsa komanso kupewa kuipitsidwa, kuchuluka kwamafuta, komanso kuchepa kwa cell ndi mabakiteriya adhesion15,16.Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kupanga zinthu za biomimetic izi zikuwonetsanso kufalikira kwa zida zina zamankhwala.Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuwonetsa mawonekedwe amtundu wamtunduwu wofewa kwambiri ndikumvetsetsa kuyanjana kwake kwamakina ndi diso kuti apange chidziwitso chokwanira chothandizira zomwe zikuchitika m'tsogolomu ndikugwiritsa ntchito.Ma lens ambiri omwe amapezeka pamalonda a SiHy amapangidwa ndi kusakaniza kosakanikirana kwa ma polima a hydrophilic ndi hydrophobic omwe amapanga mawonekedwe a uniform17.Kafukufuku wambiri adachitika kuti afufuze momwe amakanikizira pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe, zolimba komanso zoyeserera za microindentation18,19,20,21.Komabe, buku la biomimetic la lehfilcon A CL limapangitsa kuti likhale lapadera losiyana kwambiri ndi momwe makina opangira maburashi a polima amasiyana kwambiri ndi a SiHy base substrate.Chifukwa chake, ndizovuta kwambiri kuwerengera molondola zinthuzi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zanthawi zonse komanso zowongolera.Njira yolonjezedwa imagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesera ya nanoindentation yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu atomic force microscopy (AFM), njira yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa mawonekedwe azinthu zofewa za viscoelastic monga ma cell achilengedwe ndi minyewa, komanso ma polima ofewa22,23,24,25 .,26,27,28,29,30.Mu AFM nanoindentation, zoyambira pakuyesa kwa nanoindentation zimaphatikizidwa ndi kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa kwaukadaulo wa AFM kuti apereke chidwi chowonjezereka cha kuyeza komanso kuyesa kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida za supersoft31,32,33,34,35,36.Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo umapereka maubwino ena ofunikira pogwiritsa ntchito ma geometries osiyanasiyana.indenter ndi kafukufuku ndi kuthekera kuyezetsa zosiyanasiyana zamadzimadzi TV.
AFM nanoindentation ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu akuluakulu: (1) zida (zomverera, zowunikira, zofufuza, etc.);(2) magawo oyezera (monga mphamvu, kusamuka, kuthamanga, kukula kwa kanjira, etc.);(3) Kusintha kwa data (kukonza koyambira, kuyerekeza kwa malo okhudza, kuyika deta, kutengera chitsanzo, etc.).Vuto lalikulu ndi njirayi ndikuti maphunziro angapo m'mabuku ogwiritsira ntchito AFM nanoindentation amafotokoza zotsatira zosiyana kwambiri zachitsanzo / selo / zinthu zamtundu37,38,39,40,41.Mwachitsanzo, Lekka et al.Chikoka cha AFM probe geometry pa kuyeza kwa Young modulus ya zitsanzo zamakina osakanikirana a hydrogel ndi ma cell a heterogeneous adaphunziridwa ndikufanizidwa.Amanena kuti ma modulus amadalira kwambiri kusankha kwa cantilever ndi mawonekedwe ake, omwe ali ndi mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri wa kafukufuku wooneka ngati piramidi komanso mtengo wotsika kwambiri wa 42 pa kafukufuku wozungulira.Mofananamo, Selhuber-Unkel et al.Zawonetsedwa momwe liwiro la indenter, kukula kwa indenter ndi makulidwe a zitsanzo za polyacrylamide (PAAM) zimakhudzira modulus ya Young yoyesedwa ndi ACM43 nanoindentation.Chinthu chinanso chovuta ndi kusowa kwa zida zoyeserera zotsika kwambiri za modulus komanso njira zoyesera zaulere.Izi zimapangitsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kupeza zotsatira zolondola ndi chidaliro.Komabe, njirayi ndi yothandiza kwambiri pamiyeso yachibale ndi kuyerekezera koyerekeza pakati pa mitundu yofananira ya zitsanzo, mwachitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito AFM nanoindentation kusiyanitsa maselo abwinobwino ku maselo a khansa 44, 45.
Poyesa zida zofewa ndi AFM nanoindentation, lamulo lalikulu la chala chachikulu ndikugwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wokhala ndi kasupe wocheperako (k) womwe umagwirizana kwambiri ndi chitsanzo cha modulus ndi nsonga ya hemispherical / yozungulira kuti kafukufuku woyamba asaboole malo oyambira. kukhudzana koyamba ndi zipangizo zofewa.Ndikofunikiranso kuti chizindikiro chopatuka chopangidwa ndi kafukufukuyo chikhale cholimba mokwanira kuti chizindikirike ndi laser detector system24,34,46,47.Pankhani ya ma ultra-soft heterogeneous cells, minyewa ndi ma gels, vuto lina ndikugonjetsa mphamvu yomatira pakati pa kafukufuku ndi pamwamba pa chitsanzo kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti ziwerengero zobwerezabwereza komanso zodalirika48,49,50.Mpaka posachedwa, ntchito zambiri pa AFM nanoindentation zakhala zikuyang'ana pa kafukufuku wamakina a maselo achilengedwe, minyewa, ma gels, ma hydrogel, ndi ma biomolecules pogwiritsa ntchito ma probe akuluakulu ozungulira, omwe amadziwika kuti colloidal probes (CPs)., 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55. Malangizowa ali ndi utali wozungulira wa 1 mpaka 50 µm ndipo amapangidwa kuchokera ku galasi la borosilicate, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), silicon dioxide (SiO2) ndi diamondi- ngati carbon (DLC).Ngakhale CP-AFM nanoindentation nthawi zambiri imakhala yoyamba kusankha zitsanzo zofewa, ili ndi zovuta zake komanso zolephera.Kugwiritsa ntchito nsonga zazikulu, zazikulu zozungulira zazing'ono kumawonjezera malo olumikizana ndi nsonga ndi zitsanzo ndipo kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa malo.Kwa zitsanzo zofewa, zosaoneka bwino, pomwe makina azinthu zam'deralo amatha kusiyana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa malo ambiri, CP indentation imatha kubisala kusagwirizana kulikonse muzinthu pa scale52.Ma Colloidal probes nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndikumata ma colloidal spheres ang'onoang'ono ku cantilevers opanda nsonga pogwiritsa ntchito zomatira za epoxy.Njira yopangira yokha imakhala yodzaza ndi mavuto ambiri ndipo ingayambitse kusagwirizana mu ndondomeko ya probe calibration.Kuphatikiza apo, kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kumakhudza mwachindunji magawo akulu a cantilever, monga ma frequency a resonant, kuuma kwa masika, komanso kutengeka kwamphamvu56,57,58.Choncho, njira zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri za kafukufuku wamba wa AFM, monga kutentha kwa kutentha, sizingapereke kuwongolera kolondola kwa CP, ndipo njira zina zingafunikire kuti akonze izi57, 59, 60, 61. Mayesero odziwika bwino a CP amagwiritsa ntchito kupatuka kwakukulu kwa cantilever phunzirani mawonekedwe a zitsanzo zofewa, zomwe zimabweretsa vuto lina poyang'anira khalidwe lopanda mzere wa cantilever pazigawo zazikuluzikulu62,63,64.Njira zamakono za colloidal probe indentation nthawi zambiri zimaganizira za geometry ya cantilever yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kufufuza, koma kunyalanyaza mphamvu ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta colloidal, zomwe zimapanga kusatsimikizika kwina pakulondola kwa njira38,61.Mofananamo, moduli yotanuka yowerengedwa ndi kugwirizanitsa chitsanzo choyenerera imadalira mwachindunji geometry ya probe indentation, ndipo kusagwirizana pakati pa nsonga ndi mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa zitsanzo kungayambitse zolakwika27, 65, 66, 67, 68. Ntchito ina yaposachedwa ndi Spencer et al.Zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa powonetsa maburashi ofewa a polima pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya CP-AFM nanoindentation zimawonetsedwa.Iwo adanena kuti kusungidwa kwa viscous fluid mu maburashi a polima monga ntchito ya liwiro kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa kukweza mutu ndipo motero miyeso yosiyana ya katundu wodalira liwiro30,69,70,71.
Mu phunziro ili, tawonetsa mawonekedwe a pamwamba a ultra-soft kwambiri elastic material lehfilcon A CL pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosinthidwa ya AFM nanoindentation.Chifukwa cha katundu ndi mawonekedwe atsopano a nkhaniyi, kutengeka kwa njira ya chikhalidwe cha indentation sikukwanira kuwonetsa modulus ya zinthu zofewa kwambiri, choncho m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya AFM ya nanoindentation yokhala ndi chidziwitso chapamwamba komanso kutsika kochepa.mlingo.Pambuyo poyang'ana zolakwika ndi zovuta za njira zomwe zilipo kale za colloidal AFM probe nanoindentation, tikuwonetsa chifukwa chake tidasankha kafukufuku wocheperako, wopangidwa ndi mwambo wa AFM kuti athetse kukhudzidwa, phokoso lakumbuyo, kuwonetsa malo okhudzana, kuyeza liwiro la modulus yazinthu zofewa zosawerengeka monga kusunga madzi. kudalira.ndi quantification yolondola.Kuphatikiza apo, tidatha kuyeza molondola mawonekedwe ndi makulidwe a nsonga ya indentation, kutilola kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa cone-sphere fit kuti tidziwe modulus of elasticity popanda kuwunika malo okhudzana ndi nsonga ndi zinthuzo.Malingaliro awiri osamveka omwe amawerengedwa mu ntchitoyi ndi zinthu zotanuka mokwanira komanso zozama zodziyimira pawokha modulus.Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, tidayesa koyamba miyezo yofewa kwambiri yokhala ndi modulus yodziwika kuti tipeze njirayo, kenako tinagwiritsa ntchito njirayi kuwonetsa mawonekedwe a zida ziwiri zolumikizirana.Njira iyi yowonetsera mawonekedwe a AFM nanoindentation ndi mphamvu yowonjezera ikuyembekezeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana za biomimetic heterogeneous ultrasoft zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazida zamankhwala ndi ntchito zamankhwala.
Ma lens olumikizana a Lehfilcon A (Alcon, Fort Worth, Texas, USA) ndi magawo awo a sililicone hydrogel adasankhidwa kuti ayesere nanoindentation.Chokwera cha lens chopangidwa mwapadera chinagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesera.Kuyika mandala kuti ayesedwe, idayikidwa mosamala pamalo owoneka ngati dome, kuwonetsetsa kuti palibe thovu la mpweya lomwe limalowa mkati, ndikukhazikika ndi m'mphepete.Bowo lomwe lili pamwamba pa chotengera mandala limapereka mwayi wofikira pakati pa magalasi kuti muyesere nanoindentation pomwe mukusunga madziwo.Izi zimapangitsa kuti magalasi azikhala ndi madzi okwanira.500 μl ya njira yopangira ma lens yolumikizira idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati yankho loyesa.Kuti atsimikizire kuchuluka kwa zotsatira, ma hydrogel omwe amapezeka pamalonda osagwiritsidwa ntchito a polyacrylamide (PAAM) adakonzedwa kuchokera ku polyacrylamide-co-methylene-bisacrylamide (100 mm Petrisoft Petri mbale, Matrigen, Irvine, CA, USA), modulus yodziwika bwino ya 1. kPa.Gwiritsani ntchito madontho 4-5 (pafupifupi 125 µl) a phosphate buffered saline (PBS kuchokera ku Corning Life Sciences, Tewkesbury, MA, USA) ndi 1 dontho la OPTI-FREE Puremoist contact lens solution (Alcon, Vaud, TX, USA).) pa mawonekedwe a AFM hydrogel-probe.
Zitsanzo za magawo a Lehfilcon A CL ndi SiHy adawonetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina a FEI Quanta 250 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FEG SEM) omwe ali ndi chowunikira cha Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM).Kukonzekera zitsanzo, magalasiwo amatsukidwa ndi madzi ndikudulidwa mumizere yofanana ndi chitumbuwa.Kuti tipeze kusiyana kosiyana pakati pa zigawo za hydrophilic ndi hydrophobic za zitsanzo, njira ya 0.10% yokhazikika ya RuO4 inagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati utoto, momwe zitsanzozo zinamizidwa kwa 30 min.The lehfilcon A CL RuO4 kudetsa n'kofunika osati kukwaniritsa bwino kusiyana kusiyana, komanso kumathandiza kusunga kamangidwe ka nthambi polima maburashi mu mawonekedwe awo oyambirira, amene ndiye kuonekera pa STEM zithunzi.Iwo ndiye anatsuka ndi kutaya madzi m'thupi mu mndandanda wa ethanol / madzi osakaniza ndi kuwonjezeka Mowa ndende.Zitsanzozo zidaponyedwa ndi EMBed 812/Araldite epoxy, yomwe idachiritsa usiku wonse pa 70 ° C.Zitsanzo midadada anapezedwa utomoni polymerization anadulidwa ndi ultramicrotome, ndipo chifukwa zigawo woonda anali visualized ndi STEM chojambulira mu otsika vacuum mode pa imathandizira voteji 30 kV.Njira yomweyo ya SEM idagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera mwatsatanetsatane kafukufuku wa PFQNM-LC-A-CAL AFM (Bruker Nano, Santa Barbara, CA, USA).Zithunzi za SEM za kafukufuku wa AFM zidapezedwa mwanjira ya vacuum yapamwamba yokhala ndi voteji yothamanga ya 30 kV.Pezani zithunzi pamakona osiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe kuti mulembe tsatanetsatane wa mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa nsonga ya kafukufuku wa AFM.nsonga zonse zachidwi pazithunzizo zidayesedwa ndi digito.
Dimension FastScan Bio Icon atomic force microscope (Bruker Nano, Santa Barbara, CA, USA) yokhala ndi "PeakForce QNM in Fluid" idagwiritsidwa ntchito powonera ndi nanoindentate lehfilcon A CL, SiHy substrate, ndi PAAm hydrogel zitsanzo.Poyesera kujambula, kafukufuku wa PEAKFORCE-HIRS-FA (Bruker) wokhala ndi nsonga yozungulira 1 nm adagwiritsidwa ntchito kujambula zithunzi zachitsanzozo pamlingo wa 0.50 Hz.Zithunzi zonse zidatengedwa munjira yamadzi.
Kuyesa kwa AFM nanoindentation kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa PFQNM-LC-A-CAL (Bruker).Kafukufuku wa AFM ali ndi nsonga ya silicon pa nitride cantilever 345 nm yokhuthala, 54 µm kutalika ndi 4.5 µm m'lifupi ndi ma frequency a resonant a 45 kHz.Amapangidwa makamaka kuti aziwonetsa ndikuchita miyeso ya nanomechanical pazachilengedwe zofewa.Masensa amawerengedwa payekhapayekha pafakitale ndi makonzedwe a masika omwe amasinthidwa kale.Zotsalira za kasupe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu phunziroli zinali za 0.05-0.1 N / m.Kuti mudziwe bwino mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa nsonga, kafukufukuyu adadziwika mwatsatanetsatane pogwiritsa ntchito SEM.Pa mkuyu.Chithunzi 1a chikuwonetsa kusanja kwakukulu, kukulitsa kutsika kwa ma elekitironi micrograph ya kafukufuku wa PFQNM-LC-A-CAL, kumapereka chithunzi chonse cha kapangidwe ka kafukufukuyo.Pa mkuyu.1b ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe okulirapo pamwamba pa nsonga ya kafukufukuyo, kupereka chidziwitso cha mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa nsongayo.Pamapeto kwambiri, singano ndi hemisphere za 140 nm awiri (mkuyu. 1c).Pansi pa izi, nsongayo imalowa mu mawonekedwe a conical, kufika kutalika kwake pafupifupi 500 nm.Kunja kwa dera lopendekeka, nsonga yake ndi yozungulira ndipo imatha kutalika kwake kwa 1.18 µm.Ichi ndiye gawo lalikulu la ntchito ya kafukufukuyu.Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wamkulu wozungulira wa polystyrene (PS) (Novascan Technologies, Inc., Boone, Iowa, USA) wokhala ndi nsonga ya 45 µm ndi kasupe wosasinthasintha wa 2 N/m adagwiritsidwanso ntchito poyesa ngati colloidal probe.yokhala ndi kafukufuku wa PFQNM-LC-A-CAL 140 nm poyerekeza.
Ananena kuti madzi akhoza kutsekeredwa pakati pa kafukufuku AFM ndi polima burashi dongosolo pa nanoindentation, amene adzakhala ndi mphamvu m'mwamba pa kafukufuku AFM pamaso kwenikweni kukhudza pamwamba69.Izi viscous extrusion zotsatira chifukwa cha kusungirako madzimadzi akhoza kusintha zooneka malo kukhudzana, potero zimakhudza pamwamba modulus miyeso.Kuti muphunzire momwe ma probe geometry ndi liwiro la indentation posungira madzimadzi, ma curve amphamvu adapangidwira zitsanzo za lehfilcon A CL pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa 140 nm m'mimba mwake pamayendedwe osasunthika a 1 µm/s ndi 2 µm/s.probe diameter 45 µm, mphamvu yosasunthika kuika 6 nN yopezedwa pa 1 µm/s.Kuyesera kokhala ndi probe 140 nm m'mimba mwake kunachitika pa liwiro la 1 µm/s ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya 300 pN, yosankhidwa kuti ipangitse kukakamiza kolumikizana mkati mwamtundu wa thupi (1-8 kPa) wa chikope chakumtunda.kupanikizika 72. Zitsanzo zofewa zokonzeka zopangidwa ndi PAA hydrogel zokhala ndi mphamvu ya 1 kPa zinayesedwa kuti zikhale ndi mphamvu ya indentation ya 50 pN pa liwiro la 1 μm / s pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wokhala ndi 140 nm.
Popeza kutalika kwa gawo lalikulu la nsonga ya kafukufuku wa PFQNM-LC-A-CAL ndi pafupifupi 500 nm, pakuzama kulikonse <500 nm zitha kuganiziridwa kuti geometry ya kafukufukuyo panthawi yolowera ikhalabe yowona. mawonekedwe a cone.Kuphatikiza apo, zimaganiziridwa kuti pamwamba pa zinthu zomwe zikuyesedwa zidzawonetsa kuyankha kosinthika kosinthika, komwe kudzatsimikizidwanso m'magawo otsatirawa.Chifukwa chake, kutengera mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa nsonga, tidasankha mtundu woyenera wa cone-sphere wopangidwa ndi Briscoe, Sebastian ndi Adams, womwe umapezeka mu pulogalamu ya ogulitsa, kuti tigwiritse ntchito kuyesa kwathu kwa AFM nanoindentation (NanoScope).Pulogalamu yosanthula deta yopatukana, Bruker) 73. Chitsanzochi chikufotokozera mgwirizano wosuntha F (δ) kwa kondomu yokhala ndi vuto lozungulira.Pa mkuyu.Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa kulumikizana kwa geometry panthawi yolumikizana kwa kondomu yolimba yokhala ndi nsonga yozungulira, pomwe R ndi utali wozungulira wa nsonga yozungulira, ndi malo olumikizana, b ndiye malo olumikizirana kumapeto kwa nsonga yozungulira, δ ndiye contact radius.kuya kwa indentation, θ ndi theka-angle ya kondomu.Chithunzi cha SEM cha kafukufukuyu chikuwonetsa momveka bwino kuti nsonga yozungulira ya 140 nm m'mimba mwake imalumikizana mwamphamvu kukhala kondomu, ndiye apa b imatanthauzidwa kudzera mu R, mwachitsanzo, b = R cos θ.Pulogalamu yoperekedwa ndi mavenda imapereka ubale wa cone-sphere kuwerengera milingo ya Young's modulus (E) kuchokera ku data yolekanitsa mwamphamvu potengera > b.Ubale:
kumene F ndi mphamvu yolowera, E ndi Young modulus, ν ndi chiŵerengero cha Poisson.Malo olumikizirana atha kuyerekezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito:
Dongosolo la kulumikizana kwa geometry ya koni yolimba yokhala ndi nsonga yozungulira yomwe imakanikizidwa muzinthu za lens ya Lefilcon yokhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba a maburashi a polima.
Ngati ≤ b, chiyanjanocho chimachepetsa ku equation kwa indenter yozungulira yokhazikika;
Timakhulupilira kuti kulumikizana kwa probe yolowera ndi mawonekedwe a nthambi ya burashi ya polima ya PMPC kupangitsa kuti malo olumikizana azitha kukhala okulirapo kuposa ozungulira ozungulira b.Chifukwa chake, pamiyezo yonse ya kuchuluka kwa zotanuka modulus zomwe zachitika mu phunziroli, tidagwiritsa ntchito kudalira komwe kunapezeka pamlandu a > b.
Zida za ultrasoft biomimetic zomwe zaphunziridwa mu phunziroli zidajambulidwa momveka bwino pogwiritsa ntchito scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) ya gawo lamtanda lachitsanzo ndi atomic force microscopy (AFM) pamwamba.Kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane kwapamwamba kumeneku kunkachitidwa monga kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito yathu yomwe inasindikizidwa kale, momwe tinatsimikiza kuti mawonekedwe a burashi a polymeric amphamvu a PMPC-modified lehfilcon A CL akuwonetsa zinthu zamakina zofanana ndi minofu yamtundu wa cornea 14.Pazifukwa izi, timatchula malo olumikizana ndi ma lens ngati biomimetic materials14.Pa mkuyu.3a,b iwonetsa magawo amtundu wa nthambi za PMPC polima burashi pamwamba pa gawo laling'ono la lehfilcon A CL ndi gawo laling'ono la SiHy losasinthidwa, motsatana.Mawonekedwe a zitsanzo zonsezi adawunikidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi za AFM zapamwamba, zomwe zinatsimikiziranso zotsatira za kusanthula kwa STEM (Mkuyu 3c, d).Kuphatikizidwa pamodzi, zithunzizi zimapereka kutalika kwa kutalika kwa kamangidwe ka burashi ka PMPC kokhala ndi nthambi za polima pa 300–400 nm, zomwe ndi zofunika kwambiri pomasulira miyeso ya nanoindentation ya AFM.Chinthu china chofunika kwambiri chomwe chimachokera ku zithunzithunzi ndikuti mawonekedwe onse a CL biomimetic material ndi morphologically kusiyana ndi a SiHy substrate material.Kusiyanaku kwa kapangidwe kawo kapamwamba kumatha kuwonekera panthawi yomwe amalumikizana ndi makina ofufuza a AFM ndipo pambuyo pake pamiyezo ya modulus.
Zithunzi za STEM zodutsana za (a) lehfilcon A CL ndi (b) gawo lapansi la SiHy.Scale bar, 500 nm.Zithunzi za AFM za pamwamba pa lehfilcon A CL gawo lapansi (c) ndi gawo lapansi la SiHy (d) (3 µm × 3 µm).
Ma polima opangidwa ndi bioinspired ndi ma polima burashi ndizofewa mwachibadwa ndipo zaphunziridwa kwambiri ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito muzochita zosiyanasiyana zamankhwala74,75,76,77.Choncho, ndikofunika kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya AFM nanoindentation, yomwe imatha kuyeza molondola komanso modalirika katundu wawo wamakina.Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, mawonekedwe apadera a zipangizo zofewa kwambiri, monga modulus otsika kwambiri, otsika kwambiri amadzimadzi komanso kusungunuka kwakukulu, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kusankha zinthu zoyenera, mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a probe indenting.kukula.Izi ndi zofunika kuti indenter isaboole pamtunda wofewa wa chitsanzo, zomwe zingayambitse zolakwika pozindikira malo okhudzana ndi pamwamba ndi malo okhudzidwa.
Pachifukwa ichi, kumvetsetsa bwino za morphology ya ultra-soft biomimetic materials (lehfilcon A CL) n'kofunika.Zambiri za kukula ndi kapangidwe ka maburashi a polima opangidwa ndi nthambi omwe amapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yojambulira amapereka maziko a mawonekedwe amtundu wapamtunda pogwiritsa ntchito njira za AFM nanoindentation.M'malo mwa ma probes ozungulira a micron, tidasankha PFQNM-LC-A-CAL silicon nitride probe (Bruker) yokhala ndi nsonga ya 140 nm, yopangidwa mwapadera kuti ipange mapu ochulukirachulukira azinthu zamakina 78, 79, 80. , 81, 82, 83, 84 Zolinga zogwiritsira ntchito ma probes akuthwa poyerekeza ndi ma probe ochiritsira a colloidal akhoza kufotokozedwa ndi mawonekedwe a zinthuzo.Poyerekeza kafukufuku nsonga kukula (~ 140 nm) ndi nthambi polima maburashi padziko CL lehfilcon A, zosonyezedwa mkuyu. 3a, tinganene kuti nsonga ndi lalikulu mokwanira kukumana mwachindunji ndi burashi nyumba izi, amene amachepetsa mwayi wa nsonga kuboola mwa iwo.Kuti tifotokoze mfundoyi, mu Chithunzi 4 ndi chithunzi cha STEM cha lehfilcon A CL ndi nsonga ya indenting ya kafukufuku wa AFM (yokokedwa pamlingo).
Schematic yowonetsa chithunzi cha STEM cha lehfilcon A CL ndi ACM indentation probe (yokokedwa ku sikelo).
Kuphatikiza apo, nsonga ya nsonga ya 140 nm ndi yaying'ono mokwanira kupeŵa chiwopsezo cha zomata zomata zomwe zidanenedwapo kale za maburashi a polima opangidwa ndi CP-AFM nanoindentation method69,71.Timaganiza kuti chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apadera a cone-spherical ndi kukula kochepa kwa nsonga iyi ya AFM (mkuyu 1), chikhalidwe cha mphamvu yokhotakhota yopangidwa ndi lehfilcon A CL nanoindentation sichidzadalira kuthamanga kwa indentation kapena kuthamanga / kutsitsa. .Chifukwa chake, sichimakhudzidwa ndi zotsatira za poroelastic.Kuyesa lingaliro ili, zitsanzo za lehfilcon A CL zidalowetsedwa mwamphamvu kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa PFQNM-LC-A-CAL, koma pama liwiro awiri osiyana, ndipo ma curve omwe amatsatira ndi kubweza mphamvu adagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza mphamvu (nN) mu kulekana (µm) akuwonetsedwa pa chithunzi 5a.Zikuwonekeratu kuti mphamvu yokhotakhota panthawi yokweza ndi kutsitsa imadutsana, ndipo palibe umboni woonekeratu kuti kumeta ubweya wa zero kukuya kumawonjezeka ndi kuthamanga kwa chithunzichi, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti zinthu za burashi zimakhala zopanda poroelastic.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zotsatira za kusungirako madzimadzi (viscous extrusion ndi poroelasticity effects) zikuwonekera pa kafukufuku wa 45 µm m'mimba mwake AFM pa liwiro lomwelo la indentation ndipo amasonyezedwa ndi hysteresis pakati pa kutambasula ndi kubweza ma curves, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 5b.Zotsatirazi zimathandizira lingalirolo ndipo zikuwonetsa kuti ma probes a 140 nm m'mimba mwake ndi chisankho chabwino chowonetsera malo ofewa ngati awa.
lehfilcon A CL indentation mphamvu yokhotakhota pogwiritsa ntchito ACM;(a) kugwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wokhala ndi mainchesi a 140 nm pamiyeso iwiri yotsitsa, kuwonetsa kusakhalapo kwa poroelastic panthawi yolowera pamwamba;(b) kugwiritsa ntchito ma probe okhala ndi mainchesi 45 µm ndi 140 nm.s amawonetsa zotsatira za viscous extrusion ndi poroelasticity kwa ma probe akuluakulu poyerekeza ndi ma probe ang'onoang'ono.
Kuti muwonetse mawonekedwe a ultrasoft, njira za AFM nanoindentation ziyenera kukhala ndi kafukufuku wabwino kwambiri kuti muphunzire zazinthu zomwe zikuphunziridwa.Kuphatikiza pa mawonekedwe a nsonga ndi kukula kwake, kukhudzika kwa AFM detector system, kukhudzidwa kwa nsonga kupotoza mu malo oyesera, ndi kuuma kwa cantilever kumagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pozindikira kulondola ndi kudalirika kwa nanoindentation.miyeso.Pakachitidwe kathu ka AFM, malire a Position Sensitive Detector (PSD) ndi pafupifupi 0.5 mV ndipo amatengera kuchuluka kwa masika omwe adayesedwa kale komanso kuwerengera kwamadzimadzi kwa PFQNM-LC-A-CAL probe, yomwe imagwirizana ndi Theoretical katundu sensitivity.ndi osachepera 0.1 pN.Choncho, njirayi imalola kuyeza kwa mphamvu yochepa yolowera ≤ 0.1 pN popanda chigawo chilichonse cha phokoso.Komabe, ndizosatheka kuti dongosolo la AFM lichepetse phokoso lozungulira pamlingo uwu chifukwa cha zinthu monga kugwedezeka kwa makina ndi mphamvu zamadzimadzi.Zinthuzi zimachepetsa kukhudzidwa konse kwa njira ya AFM nanoindentation komanso kumabweretsa phokoso lakumbuyo kwa pafupifupi ≤ 10 pN.Pa mawonekedwe apamwamba, zitsanzo za gawo la lehfilcon A CL ndi SiHy zidalowetsedwa pansi pamikhalidwe yokhala ndi hydrated kwathunthu pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa 140 nm wa mawonekedwe a SEM, ndipo zokhotakhota zamphamvuzo zidayikidwa pakati pa mphamvu (pN) ndi kukakamizidwa.Chiwembu cholekanitsa (µm) chikuwonetsedwa pa chithunzi 6a.Poyerekeza ndi gawo laling'ono la SiHy, lehfilcon A CL mphamvu yokhotakhota ikuwonetsa momveka bwino gawo losinthira kuyambira pomwe limalumikizana ndi burashi ya polima yopangidwa ndi foloko ndikutha ndi kusintha kwakuthwa kwa otsetsereka kukhudzana kwa nsonga ndi zinthu zomwe zili pansi.Gawo losinthika la mphamvu yopindika likuwonetsa momwe zimakhalira zotanuka za burashi ya polima pamtunda, monga zikuwonetsedwera ndi kupindika kokhotakhota motsatizana ndi mapindikidwe amakanikidwe komanso kusiyanitsa kwamakina pakati pa kapangidwe ka burashi ndi zinthu zazikulu za SiHy.Poyerekeza lefilcon.Kulekana kwa pafupifupi kutalika kwa nthambi polima burashi mu STEM fano la PCS (mkuyu. 3a) ndi mphamvu pamapindikira pamodzi abscissa mu Mkuyu. 3a.6a ikuwonetsa kuti njirayi imatha kuzindikira nsonga ndi polima ya nthambi yomwe ikufika pamwamba kwambiri.Kulumikizana pakati pa mapangidwe a brush.Kuphatikiza apo, kuphatikizika kwamphamvu kwa ma curve kukuwonetsa kuti palibe mphamvu yosungira madzi.Pankhaniyi, palibe kugwirizanitsa pakati pa singano ndi pamwamba pa chitsanzo.Magawo apamwamba kwambiri a mphamvu zokhotakhota pazitsanzo ziwirizo zimadutsana, kusonyeza kufanana kwa makina azinthu zapansi.
(a) AFM nanoindentation force curves for lehfilcon A CL substrates ndi SiHy substrates, (b) mphamvu zokhotakhota zosonyeza kuyerekezera kwa malo olumikizana pogwiritsa ntchito njira yakumbuyo ya phokoso.
Kuti muphunzire tsatanetsatane wa mphamvu yamagetsi, mphuno yachitsulo ya lehfilcon A CL chitsanzo imakonzedwanso mu Chithunzi 6b ndi mphamvu yaikulu ya 50 pN pamodzi ndi y-axis.Chithunzichi chimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira chokhudza phokoso loyambirira lakumbuyo.Phokosoli lili mumtundu wa ± 10 pN, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa molondola malo olumikizirana ndi kuwerengera kuya kwa indentation.Monga tafotokozera m'mabuku, kuzindikirika kwa malo olumikizirana ndikofunikira kuti muwunikire molondola zinthu zakuthupi monga modulus85.Njira yophatikizira kusinthika kwa data yokhotakhota yawonetsa kukwanira bwino pakati pa kuyika kwa data ndi kuyeza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zofewa86.Mu ntchito iyi, kusankha kwathu kolumikizana ndi kophweka komanso koyenera, koma kuli ndi malire ake.Njira yathu yodziwikiratu yodziwira malo omwe timalumikizana nawo imatha kupangitsa kuti pakhale ma modulus mochulukirachulukira pakuzama kwakung'ono (<100 nm).Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ma algorithm-based touchpoint kuzindikira ndi makina opangira deta kungakhale kupitiriza kwa ntchitoyi mtsogolomo kuti tipititse patsogolo njira yathu.Choncho, kwa phokoso lakumbuyo lamkati pa dongosolo la ± 10 pN, timatanthauzira malo okhudzana ndi malo oyamba a deta pa x-axis mu Chithunzi 6b ndi mtengo wa ≥10 pN.Kenaka, molingana ndi phokoso la phokoso la 10 pN, mzere wowongoka pamtunda wa ~ 0.27 µm umasonyeza malo okhudzana ndi pamwamba, pambuyo pake nsonga yotambasula imapitirira mpaka gawo lapansi likukumana ndi kuya kwa ~ 270 nm.Chochititsa chidwi, kutengera kukula kwa nthambi za polima burashi (300-400 nm) kuyeza pogwiritsa ntchito njira yojambula, kuya kwa indentation kwa CL lehfilcon A chitsanzo chowonedwa pogwiritsa ntchito phokoso lakumbuyo polowera njira ndi pafupifupi 270 nm, yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri. kukula kwa muyeso ndi STEM.Zotsatirazi zimatsimikiziranso kugwirizana ndi kutheka kwa mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa nsonga ya kafukufuku wa AFM pakulowetsa burashi yofewa kwambiri komanso yotanuka kwambiri.Deta iyi imaperekanso umboni wamphamvu wochirikiza njira yathu yogwiritsira ntchito phokoso lakumbuyo ngati polowera pakulozera malo olumikizirana.Chifukwa chake, zotsatira zilizonse zopezeka pamasamu ndi kukakamiza kokhotakhota ziyenera kukhala zolondola.
Kuyeza kwachulukidwe ndi njira za AFM nanoindentation zimadalira kwathunthu masamu a masamu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha deta ndi kusanthula kotsatira.Choncho, ndikofunika kulingalira zinthu zonse zokhudzana ndi kusankha kwa indenter, katundu wakuthupi ndi makina a kuyanjana kwawo musanasankhe chitsanzo china.Pankhaniyi, nsonga geometry anali mosamala yodziwika ntchito SEM micrographs (mkuyu. 1), ndipo kutengera zotsatira, ndi 140 nm m'mimba mwake AFM nanoindenting kafukufuku ndi kolimba kolimba ndi ozungulira nsonga nsonga geometry ndi yabwino kusankha lehfilcon A CL79 zitsanzo. .Chinthu chinanso chofunikira chomwe chiyenera kuyesedwa mosamala ndi kusinthasintha kwa zinthu za polima zomwe zikuyesedwa.Ngakhale deta koyamba nanoindentation (mkuyu. 5a ndi 6a) momveka bwino mbali ya anapiringizana zokhotakhota ndi psinjika zokhotakhota, mwachitsanzo, wathunthu zotanuka kuchira kwa zinthu, n'kofunika kwambiri kutsimikizira mwangwiro zotanuka chikhalidwe cha kulankhula. .Kuti izi zitheke, ma indentation awiri otsatizana anachitidwa pamalo omwewo pamwamba pa lehfilcon A CL chitsanzo pa mlingo wa indentation wa 1 µm / s pansi pa mikhalidwe yonse ya hydration.Zotsatira za mphamvu yopindika data ikuwonetsedwa mkuyu.7 ndipo, monga momwe amayembekezeredwa, kukulitsa ndi kukanikizana kokhotakhota kwa zidindo ziwirizo kumakhala kofanana, kuwonetsetsa kukhazikika kwa kapangidwe ka burashi ya polima.
Mapindikidwe awiri a mphamvu yolowera pamalo amodzi pamwamba pa lehfilcon A CL amawonetsa kukhazikika kwapamwamba kwa mandala.
Kutengera zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera ku SEM ndi zithunzi za STEM za nsonga ya probe ndi lehfilcon A CL pamwamba, motsatana, mtundu wa cone-sphere ndi chiwonetsero cha masamu chololera cha kuyanjana pakati pa nsonga ya kafukufuku wa AFM ndi zinthu zofewa za polima zomwe zikuyesedwa.Kuonjezera apo, pa chitsanzo cha cone-sphere iyi, malingaliro ofunikira okhudzana ndi zotanuka za zinthu zomwe zasindikizidwa zimakhala zowona pa zinthu zatsopano za biomimetic ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera zotanuka modulus.
Pambuyo pofufuza mwatsatanetsatane njira ya AFM nanoindentation ndi zigawo zake, kuphatikizapo indentation probe properties (mawonekedwe, kukula, ndi kuuma kwa kasupe), kukhudzidwa (phokoso lakumbuyo ndi kuyerekezera kwa malo okhudzana), ndi zitsanzo za data (quantitative modulus miyeso), njirayo inali ntchito.perekani zitsanzo zamalonda zofewa kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuchuluka kwa zotsatira.Hydrogel yamalonda ya polyacrylamide (PAAM) yokhala ndi zotanuka modulus ya 1 kPa idayesedwa pansi pamikhalidwe ya hydrated pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa 140 nm.Tsatanetsatane wa kuyezetsa ma module ndi mawerengedwe aperekedwa mu Zowonjezera Zowonjezera.Zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti modulus wapakati anayeza anali 0.92 kPa, ndipo %RSD ndi peresenti (%) kupatuka kuchokera ku modulus yodziwika kunali kosakwana 10%.Zotsatirazi zimatsimikizira kulondola ndi kuberekanso kwa njira ya AFM nanoindentation yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchitoyi kuti ayese moduli ya zipangizo za ultrasoft.Mawonekedwe a zitsanzo za lehfilcon A CL ndi gawo la maziko a SiHy adadziwikanso pogwiritsa ntchito njira yofananira ya AFM nanoindentation kuti aphunzire mawonekedwe owoneka bwino amtundu wa ultrasoft ngati ntchito yakuya kwakuya.Ma curve olekanitsa mphamvu ya indentation adapangidwira zitsanzo zitatu zamtundu uliwonse (n = 3; indentation imodzi pa chitsanzo) pa mphamvu ya 300 pN, liwiro la 1 µm / s, ndi madzi okwanira.Mzere wokhotakhota wogawana mphamvu unayerekezeredwa pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha cone-sphere.Kuti mupeze modulus kutengera kuya kwa indentation, gawo lalikulu la 40 nm la mphamvu yokhotakhota limayikidwa pamlingo uliwonse wa 20 nm kuyambira pomwe mukulumikizana, ndikuyezera milingo ya modulus pagawo lililonse lamphamvu.Spin Cy et al.Njira yofananayi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa maburashi a poly(lauryl methacrylate) (P12MA) polima pogwiritsa ntchito colloidal AFM probe nanoindentation, ndipo amagwirizana ndi data pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa Hertz.Njirayi imapereka chiwembu cha mawonekedwe olumikizana modulus (kPa) motsutsana ndi kuya kwa indentation (nm), monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 8, chomwe chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe olumikizana modulus/kuzama kwa gradient.Kuwerengera zotanuka modulus wa CL lehfilcon A chitsanzo ali mu osiyanasiyana 2-3 kPa mkati chapamwamba 100 nm chitsanzo, kupitirira pamene izo zimayamba kuwonjezeka ndi kuya.Kumbali ina, poyesa gawo laling'ono la SiHy popanda filimu yofanana ndi burashi pamwamba, kuya kwake kwakukulu komwe kumapezeka pa mphamvu ya 300 pN ndi yocheperapo 50 nm, ndipo mtengo wa modulus womwe umachokera ku deta uli pafupi 400 kPa. , zomwe zimafananizidwa ndi mfundo za Young's modulus pazinthu zambiri.
Mawonekedwe a contact modulus (kPa) vs. indentation deep (nm) kwa lehfilcon A CL ndi SiHy substrates pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya AFM nanoindentation ndi cone-sphere geometry kuti ayese modulus.
Pamwamba kwambiri pa burashi ya biomimetic nthambi ya polima imawonetsa kutsika kwambiri (2-3 kPa).Izi zigwirizane ndi mapeto olendewera aulere a burashi ya polima ya foloko monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa chithunzi cha STEM.Ngakhale pali umboni wina wa modulus gradient kunja kwa CL, gawo lalikulu la modulus substrate ndilofunika kwambiri.Komabe, pamwamba 100 nm pamwamba ndi mkati 20% ya utali wonse wa nthambi polima burashi, choncho m'pomveka kuganiza kuti miyeso miyeso ya modulus mu indentation kuya osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana ndi zolondola ndipo si mwamphamvu. zimadalira zotsatira za chinthu chapansi.
Chifukwa cha mapangidwe apadera a biomimetic a lehfilcon A magalasi olumikizirana, opangidwa ndi nthambi za PMPC polima burashi zomezanitsidwa pamwamba pa magawo a SiHy, ndizovuta kwambiri kuwonetsa momwe zimapangidwira pamapangidwe awo apamwamba pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe zoyezera.Apa tikuwonetsa njira yaukadaulo ya AFM nanoindentation yodziwikiratu zinthu zofewa kwambiri monga lefilcon A yokhala ndi madzi ochulukirapo komanso kutsika kwambiri.Njirayi imachokera pakugwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa AFM yemwe nsonga yake ndi geometry imasankhidwa mosamala kuti ifanane ndi miyeso ya mapangidwe a ultra-soft surface kuti asindikizidwe.Kuphatikizika kwa miyeso pakati pa kafukufuku ndi kapangidwe kake kumapereka chidwi chochulukira, kutilola kuyeza kutsika kwa modulus komanso zotanuka zamtundu wa brashi ya polima, mosasamala kanthu za poroelastic.Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti maburashi apadera a PMPC a polymer omwe amawonekera pamtunda wa mandala anali ndi modulus yotsika kwambiri (mpaka 2 kPa) komanso kutsika kwambiri (pafupifupi 100%) akayesedwa m'malo amadzi.Zotsatira za AFM nanoindentation zidatipangitsanso kuwonetsa mawonekedwe owoneka bwino amodulus/depth gradient (30 kPa/200 nm) ya biomimetic lens surface.Kutsetsereka uku kungakhale chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa modulus pakati pa maburashi a polima a nthambi ndi gawo lapansi la SiHy, kapena mawonekedwe a nthambi / kachulukidwe ka maburashi a polima, kapena kuphatikiza kwake.Komabe, maphunziro owonjezera ozama amafunikira kuti mumvetsetse bwino ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kapangidwe kake ndi katundu, makamaka zotsatira za nthambi za maburashi pamakina.Miyezo yofananira ingathandize kuzindikira mawonekedwe amakanika a pamwamba pa zinthu zina zofewa kwambiri komanso zida zamankhwala.
Ma data opangidwa ndi/kapena owunikidwa pa kafukufuku wapano akupezeka kuchokera kwa olemba omwe afunsidwa pazofunikira.
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